Encephalitis Rehabilitation

Encephalitis Rehabilitation

Encephalitis Rehabilitation

 Encephalitis is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the inflammation of tissues within the brain. An autoimmune response may cause this inflammation. 

 

Alternatively, certain infections may also cause this inflammation. As a result, the brain starts to swell, leading to highly severe headaches, stiff joints, and mental confusion. 

 

Encephalitis is becoming increasingly common, particularly in the younger population. Provided that the diagnosis is made on time, it is possible to recover from encephalitis in a short period. However, if the diagnosis is delayed, the patient may find it challenging to recover quickly. 

How does Encephalitis Rehabilitation Work?

Encephalitis rehabilitation involves heavy treatments and intensive care from the beginning of the recovery process. Recovery time differs from person to person. Some patients may recover within a few years, others may take a lifetime.

 

In any case, rehabilitation is a crucial step after diagnosis. It is possible that the patient may not recover in a short time. Specific treatments may need to persist for a more extended period to be practical and helpful for the patient. 

 

The rehabilitation goals for encephalitis patients will involve building habits and systems. There will also be the use of aids that will compensate for their condition. The patients will be taught techniques and strategies that will aid them in carrying on their daily life and completing everyday tasks.

 

Rehabilitation Goals for Encephalitis Patients

Rehabilitation may begin from the center or hospital, but it must be continued to the patient’s regular life and home as well. Some may find it hard to readjust to their daily life. Rehabilitation needs to focus on practical issues and procedures they can translate into their everyday life. 

 

Rehabilitation is a different process for all patients. That said, for an ideal rehabilitation process, professionals from multiple disciplines may be contacted to provide the patients with the best quality care and training.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy aims to adjust the patient back into their daily life. Rather than focusing on the primary functions such as movement, walking, and talking, occupational therapy focuses on the nitty-gritty aspects of everyday life.

 

An occupational therapist will facilitate the encephalitis patient relearning how to perform basic tasks. These include dressing themselves, washing and grooming, cooking basic meals, and modifying their environment in a way that is conducive to their condition. 

 

Because encephalitis may also cause cognitive distortion and other mental issues. Occupational therapists may also help the patients develop life skills such as budgeting, planning, and organizing.

 

It is the job of the occupational therapist to recommend modifications or effective alternatives for the patient’s condition. This makes their daily life easier and give them more autonomy over their diagnosis. Occupational and vocational therapists may also be consulted in helping the patient adjust to their work life after diagnosis. 

Physiotherapy

Encephalitis Rehabilitation

Physical therapy will be incorporated into rehabilitation for functions that involve more specific bodily movements.

 

The physical therapist helps patients reclaim control of their muscles. The therapist trains them to build the strength they need to return to their previous level of functioning.

 

Physical therapy may also help maintain balance and a more stable gait. For encephalitis patients, physical therapy may involve relearning supposedly simple functions. The activities include walking, talking, and moving with precision.

 

The goal is to make the patient independent in their movements, so they no longer require another person to aid them in essential mobility. 

Speech Therapy

A more severe form of encephalitis may involve the role of a speech therapist.

 

Alternatively, depending on the issue, a speech-language therapist may also be involved.

 

A speech therapist is one that focuses on the foundations of talking. Their goal is to help the patient learn how to coordinate the movement of their mouth to form coherent words and articulate their thoughts.

 

A speech-language therapist treats both speech difficulty and difficulty with language, swallowing, and understanding what an individual hears.

 

If the patient with encephalitis struggles with both speech and understanding other people, they may require speech-language therapists to aid in their rehabilitation.

Neuropsychological Treatment

Encephalitis is a condition that affects the brain, so it is a given to involving neuropsychologists.

 

Neuropsychology experts will aid in understanding the cause of the patient’s encephalitis and how it may affect their emotions, behavior, and mood. If a patient is struggling with a more severe type of encephalitis, they may have difficulty concentrating, planning, speaking, and remembering.

 

These issues will also be apparent through occupational therapy and speech-language therapy. The neuropsychologist may determine why the patient is struggling and provide valuable information for the team.

Psychological Rehabilitation

Dealing with autoimmune diseases is no walk in the park. The rehabilitation team for encephalitis patients may involve both psychiatrists and psychologists.

 

Psychiatrists play a crucial role in the diagnosis of encephalitis as the condition directly affects the brain and its functions. In fact, many patients may first receive their diagnosis through a psychiatrist after reporting disconcerting mental difficulty or abnormal functioning. 

 

Besides the diagnosis, psychiatrists can also aid in encephalitis rehabilitation. Encephalitis patients may require various forms of treatment, including pharmacological solutions and non-pharmacological therapies.

 

Therefore, psychiatrists are the perfect addition to the rehabilitation process. Once the neuropsychologist provides adequate information, the psychiatrist can prescribe medication to alleviate and lessen some of the symptoms.

 

Encephalitis Rehabilitation

Role of Psychologists in Encephalitis Rehabilitation

Psychological rehabilitation will also involve psychologists.

 

Contrary to popular belief, rehabilitation cannot be complete without using both medications and therapy in conjunction.

 

For effective treatment, it is essential that the patient also receives psychological care. One main reason is the effect the knowledge of the diagnosis may have on the patient. Such a diagnosis takes a toll on the patient’s mental health. It makes them more worried and anxious about their life, financial issues, and the changes they need to make.

 

A psychologist will aid them in adjusting to their new life and focus on becoming mentally stronger.

 

Alternatively, patients with encephalitis may also struggle with executive functions. This includes planning and organizing because of psychological turmoil rather than neurological reasons. In this case, psychologists will be needed for the patient’s rehabilitation.

 

Have any questions regarding the topic Encephalitis rehabilitation feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Rehabilitation for arthritis

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Sciatica Rehabilitation

Sciatica Rehabilitation

Sciatica Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Sciatica rehabilitation”

 

Sciatica is a medical condition relating to the sciatic nerve branching from your lower back. The sciatic nerves branch throughout the lower half on both sides of your body. Therefore this medical condition only affects one side of your body. 

 

The onset of sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed, consequently causing inflammation, intense pain, and numbness in the affected side of the body. Sciatica can be quite a painful condition, and most patients struggle severely. However, rest assured; most patients quickly heal within a few weeks.

What to Know Before Rehabilitation

As mentioned earlier, sciatica cases are usually severe, but it is possible to treat them entirely in the span of a few weeks. The good thing about rehabilitation for sciatica is that treatment options are almost exclusively nonoperative. This means that the recovery path is generally focused on more natural treatments rather than surgeries.

 

That said, treatment may be necessary for specific situations. For instance, sometimes sciatica is not caused by any regular source, such as overworking oneself. In cases where the pain is caused by accident or injury, and it is basically impossible to perform essential functions such as walking or controlling your bladder, the condition may be severe enough to be operated on. Most of the time, specific treatments and rehabilitation therapies are more than enough to get the sciatica patient back on their feet. 

 

Discussing the condition’s level with your health professional is crucial. Depending on the cause of sciatica, the treatment is likely to differ significantly. Sciatica caused by accidents is more of a concern and will likely involve operations. The patient must consult the details of the procedure with the professional at length, its pros and cons, its necessity, and what the process will involve. 

Physical Rehabilitation

Sciatica Rehabilitation

Considering the fact that pain caused by sciatica mainly results in physical issues, such as free and easy movement, it is not surprising that physical rehabilitation is the top priority for sciatica patients. Physiotherapy comprises the essential part of rehabilitation for sciatica patients with the goal of relieving them of their pain and preventing further symptoms. The main symptoms of this condition include pain across the body and even numbness in the lower part of the body; exercise, therefore, becomes a crucial part of treatment for sciatica. 

 

 

Physiotherapists may focus on a variety of exercises that aim to lessen the patients’ pain and condition their muscles to withstand the condition. Extension and back exercises aim to relieve that pain by focusing on the movement of the spine. Additionally, the physiotherapist may facilitate the patient with strengthening exercises and joint mobilization to help them keep the lower part of the body active. While some doctors prescribe bed rest, it is best to counter this condition with activity and exercise. Exercising and moving according to the physiotherapist’s directions is the best path to recovery from sciatica.

 

 

One area where patients may struggle is with walking. For this, the physiotherapist may focus on gait and balance training. Once the muscles are strong enough to support the patient’s weight efficiently, the physiotherapist may help the patient train and relearn previous patterns for movement and walking.  

Dry Needling

One therapy that is increasingly gaining more traction among health professionals is dry needling. Dry needling is a technique in which a small needle is used to pinpoint the area in a muscle that promotes movement. This technique is particularly beneficial if the patient is struggling with contracted muscles. Targeting the trigger point helps the muscle release the tension, and it ultimately reduces the pain. It must be noted that this form of therapy must be carried out by a certified health professional to ensure accurate needling and minimal side effects. 

Chiropractic Therapy

Sometimes, the symptoms of sciatica may prevail, and the patient may have difficulty moving on their own for fear of pain. In such cases, the patient may require intensive care. A chiropractor may be involved in the recovery process. Chiropractic therapy involves manually manipulating the patients’ limbs to improve their spine’s alignment. 

 

Chiropractic therapy is beneficial if the sciatica is not a result of injury or accident but instead caused by a herniated disc. It improves muscle strength, flexibility, and the range of the patient’s movements – all these are areas where a sciatica patient typically struggles. This therapy aims to prime a patient’s body to work at the best of its ability.

Occupational Therapy

Sciatica Rehabilitation

Considering the repercussions of sciatica, it is not surprising that patients with sciatica struggle so much with daily activities. Even though the pain may be quite severe, it is recommended that the patient does not confine themselves to the bed for their recovery. Laying around all day will simply aggravate the symptoms because the body is not receiving the exercise and movement it desperately needs to keep the joints in working condition. 

 

 

That said, it is also essential to keep in mind that despite the direction to continue daily activities and exercise as is, patients with sciatica will struggle more than other people to carry out these simple tasks. Therefore, they will likely require an occupational therapist to help them with their daily tasks and guide them to move accurately so as not to aggravate their symptoms and cause further pain. An occupational therapist may teach the patient specific techniques to move safely and helpful sleeping and resting postures to ease their pain. 

Massage Therapy

Because sciatica is mainly a physical condition, massages are reasonably helpful in easing the patients’ pain. Massages are relaxing enough as is, but certain types of massages may be used for sciatica patients to relieve their pain and bring movement back into their numb limbs. Massages will facilitate blood circulation, leading to a higher healing rate within the body – this acts as a natural pain reliever. Furthermore, sciatica is also characterized by tightness and soreness in the muscles, for which massages will be ideal. Certified massage therapists should be involved in the process to ensure the patient’s highest level of care and safety. 

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Sciatica rehabilitation” feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Rehabilitation for epilepsy

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Rehabilitation for Epilepsy

Rehabilitation for Epilepsy

Rehabilitation For Epilepsy

Welcome to the Topic “Rehabilitation for epilepsy ”

 

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that results in multiple seizures. Due to the sudden change in the electrical impulses within the brain, the affected person may experience a sudden behavior change. Typically, these electrical impulses follow a specific pattern that helps the brain function and relay communication throughout the rest of the body. However, with the onset of epilepsy, these electrical impulses lose their mark and become imbalanced. 

 

Even the slightest change in the pattern of electrical impulses can significantly affect the body. In epilepsy, these electrical impulses become imbalanced enough to cause recurring seizures. The sudden bursts of electrical impulses may result in the affected person struggling with their consciousness and having difficulty performing basic movements.

 

Simple seizures are a more common medical condition, but experiencing one seizure throughout your entire life is not enough evidence to be diagnosed with epilepsy. An individual is generally diagnosed after undergoing at least two seizures that cannot be attributed to some other cause, such as low blood sugar. 

 

Physiotherapy

Repeated seizures cause great exertion, so learning to control seizures is crucial for patients with epilepsy. While the primary goal of physiotherapy may be to aid the patient in managing their attacks, the physiotherapist may also consider some other areas. For one thing, physiotherapy may not only be used for attempting to control seizures but also for non-seizure-related behaviors. Physical health comprises a vital part of an individual’s mental health, and ensuring the patient receives that physical stimulation is an integral part of their rehabilitation. 

 

 

Physical exercises may be prescribed to limit the movements within a seizure but also to improve mental health. People with epilepsy may also struggle psychologically since the chemistry of their brain is basically altered, and they have to adjust their life to this diagnosis. Therefore, the rehabilitation team should incorporate physical exercise and training programs to keep their patients active and energetic throughout their prognosis.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Rehabilitation For Epilepsy

Vagus nerve stimulation is one of the most common procedures used for epilepsy. A small device is attached to the patient’s chest and connects to a wire inserted under the skin. The device connects with the vagus nerve, which sends electrical impulses to the nerve. 

 

 

It is a common misconception that this procedure is a cure for epilepsy. However, that is not the case in reality. Vagus nerve stimulation aims to lessen the severity and frequency of the seizure rather than attempting to eliminate them, which is impossible. Patients may use the device for ten years with minimal side effects besides sore throat and coughing.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Another popular procedure for epilepsy is deep brain stimulation. Similar to VNS, an electrical device is used. However, this particular device is placed in the chest and connects its wires directly to the brain. Electrical impulses are sent to the brain through these wires in an attempt to lessen the frequency and severity of the seizures. It must be noted that this procedure is relatively new for the rehabilitation of epilepsy and must be used with caution; however, health professionals may recommend this procedure for the sake of trying and further research, ensure that they explain the process in full detail and make the patient aware of the benefits and risk associated with this procedure. 

Responsive Neurostimulation

Responsive neurostimulation is a technique that is being increasingly used for the rehabilitation of epilepsy patients. Similar to the two previous procedures described, responsive neurostimulation also uses a device similar to a pacemaker. This device analyzes brain activity and the frequency and patterns of the electrical charges. If the device detects a severe change that indicates an oncoming seizure, it automatically delivers an electrical charge or prescribed medicine to eliminate the threat of the attack. This procedure is widely used to decrease the frequency of seizures; however, it is always good practice to consult the doctor at length and consider all details and factors before agreeing to the procedure. 

Ketogenic Diet

Rehabilitation For Epilepsy

Epilepsy does not only occur in adults. For children, rehabilitation may include changes in diets. A ketogenic diet is one that comprises more fats rather than carbohydrates and protein. For children with epilepsy, such a diet is said to help reduce the frequency of seizures. That said, such a diet may not be feasible for adults with epilepsy, as it may lead to severe medical conditions such as diabetes. For this part of the rehabilitation, a dietician may need to work in conjunction with the epilepsy specialist to ensure that such a diet will provide beneficial results for the child.

Occupational Therapy

Severe changes in the electrical impulses within the brain can severely damage it, and besides the seizures, there are several other symptoms a patient may face. Some patients may need to alter their behaviors to incorporate their diagnosis and treatments into their lifestyle. Such a change is not easy to deal with on their own, so it is essential that they receive professional care while adjusting back into their life or learn strategies that will make their life easier. 

 

Epilepsy is a long-lasting, life-altering disease, but if the patients are well-adjusted to their diagnosis and new life, they are mostly able to live reasonably normal lives. An occupational therapist may aid in performing essential functions such as driving, jobs, going to school, and other activities or tasks that require coordination and control over one’s movements.

Vocational Therapy

Contrary to popular belief, being diagnosed with epilepsy does not mean you must completely change your lifestyle. It is often possible to control these seizures and receive treatments that reduce the frequency. Therefore, most patients are likely to stay at their current jobs or even prefer to take a different job. Depending on the job, patients with epilepsy may also require vocational rehabilitation, so they know what changes they need to make on the job and how they can inform their authorities. Vocational rehabilitation will involve finding the right job, adjusting work-life routine to account for the diagnosis and learning strategies that will aid the patient in their career.

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Rehabilitation for epilepsy “ feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Rehabilitation for Alzheimer’s

 

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Rehabilitation for Alzheimer’s

Rehabilitation for Alzheimer’s

Rehabilitation for Alzheimer's

Welcome to the Topic “Rehabilitation for Alzheimer’s”

 

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that is well-known but often mistaken for dementia itself. While dementia is an umbrella term for any condition that damages an individual’s ability to remember, think and behave, Alzheimer’s disease is a bit more specific. Patients of Alzheimer’s disease do not only struggle with memory loss and higher executive functions but may also have difficulty in essential functions such as speech, balance, disorientation, and performing specific familiar tasks. 

 

As a progressive disease, the symptoms may appear gradually in the affected individual rather than all at once. It is usually diagnosed at an older age; over time, the degenerative effects worsen and cause a slow decline in one’s mental capacity and quality of life. However, the possibility of a younger onset also exists.

Choosing Treatments for Rehabilitation

If Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed at the right time, it can slow the disease’s course. There is no cure for it, as the condition results from the death of brain cells. However, given that the disease was detected at a suitable time, rehabilitation teams can work to improve whatever remains of the patient’s life and slow the progression of the disease. 

 

Medical professionals use some common rehabilitation treatments for such patients, but the program will have to be based on the patient’s individual diagnosis and information. The treatments chosen may be catered to the patient’s age, general physical health, medical history, the severity of Alzheimer’s disease, incorporation of rehabilitation into their lifestyle, and personal preference or caregivers’ concerns. All these aspects will be factored into the types of treatments a patient with Alzheimer’s disease may receive and what their rehabilitation will comprise.

Psychological Treatments

Rehabilitation for Alzheimer's

One of the main concerns regarding patients with Alzheimer’s disease is their behavioral and mental changes. As their brain cells are rapidly dying, they may experience extreme changes in their thinking and mood. On top of that, the knowledge of such a diagnosis takes a toll on an individual’s mental health, even if the disease itself has not progressed enough to be mentally damaging. Another reason for these changes in the patient’s mental health may be a negative response or side effect of the medication course they may need to partake in for rehabilitation. 

 

People with Alzheimer’s typically struggle with depression, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, and volatile moods. Hence, it is crucial to aid and facilitate these patients by helping them identify their damaging behaviors and thoughts and work with them to overcome this difficult part of their life. 

Occupational Therapy

A disease that causes memory loss alters the patient’s life forever. If a person is independent prior to their onset and diagnosis, they may require extra help and care to adjust to their life. Their life before the diagnosis likely needed a higher level of physical and mental functioning. Therefore, it is vital to help them figure out strategies and techniques that will help them adjust to their current condition but will not alter their life too drastically. This is where occupational therapists come in. 

 

Depending on the age they are diagnosed and the onset of the disease, some patients may require extra help to remember how to perform even the most basic functions. The occupational therapist may introduce practical strategies such as creating new routines, writing down everything, and using specific equipment. Memory impacts all areas of a person’s life, so an occupational therapist helps the patient redefine all their systems to live independently.

Physiotherapy

Physical activity and exercise are widely known to reduce the severity of the mental decline. Research shows that incorporating physical activity into rehabilitation for Alzheimer’s patients can help to slow the eventual progression of the disease. Furthermore, at a later stage, patients with Alzheimer’s may even have trouble walking. Alzheimer’s patients are also prone to walking in their sleep, and learning how to prevent falling through physiotherapy may also be a crucial skill for them. These facts highlight the importance of physiotherapy within the rehabilitation program for Alzheimer’s patients. 

 

Some ways to incorporate physical activity include at-home exercise, supervised training, and group activities. These would differ depending on the patient’s condition, age, and ability. For instance, an elderly patient may require supervised training, while a physically strong patient may be prescribed at-home exercise. Besides helping with slowing the progression of the disease, physical activity can also aid in bettering one’s mental health and may be used in conjunction with psychological rehabilitation as well. 

Caregiver Education

Rehabilitation for Alzheimer's

Although Alzheimer’s can also be diagnosed in younger individuals, it is primarily a disease that affects the elderly. Most elderly individuals are under supervision or additional care at that stage. Alternatively, family members might be keeping a watchful eye on them. Due to this responsibility, they are likely interested in learning how to take care of their new patient. Even if they were seemingly looking after the patient just fine before onset, they need to be more informed and careful after the diagnosis. 

 

Caregivers may be interested in helping with occupational therapy, as assisting the patient in with daily life functions is where they will be most needed. In addition, patients with Alzheimer’s disease will likely be taking additional medication, so it is the responsibility of the caregiver to administer the correct doses at the right time. Besides that, caregivers must also know what activities to refrain from and what to be mindful of regarding the patient.

Group Therapy

Regardless of the pathology, group therapy is almost always a welcome addition to rehabilitation. When an individual is diagnosed, dealing with their pathology feels like an incredibly personal and lonely process. However, group therapy helps them realize that there are others like them who they can turn to for comfort and care. Although caregivers are readily available for these issues, people struggling with Alzheimer’s may find that they cannot share all their worries with them, as able caregivers will simply not be able to empathize with them. In contrast, joining group sessions with other patients will likely give Alzheimer’s disease patients a sense of belonging, community, and friendship with people like themselves.

 

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Also Read: Stroke rehabilitation

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Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Stroke rehabilitation ”

 

Strokes are very common medical issues, but few are aware of the exact symptoms, causes, or treatments. Strokes are basically attacks on your brain that may be caused due to a ruptured artery or a blocked artery within your body. Essentially, the blood supply meant to reach the specific part of the brain does not, leading that part to be damaged or, in more extreme cases, die. The consequences of a stroke are relatively severe and last throughout the patient’s life, making it a painful condition. 

 

The brain is responsible for movements, memories, motor coordination, higher executive function, and controlling any communication between itself and the body. Therefore, any part of the brain being damaged also damages the body’s functions. Depending on the part that is damaged or dead, patients may experience several of the following common symptoms: 

  • Perception difficulties 
  • Confusion 
  • Difficulty seeing 
  • Severe headaches 
  • Difficulty in walking, talking, or moving as usual 
  • Slurred or grossly disorganized speech and movements

What to Know Before Rehabilitation

Any of these symptoms may occur immediately as the patient suffers the onset and well after the stroke has passed. There are several treatments and strategies for rehabilitation for stroke patients. However, for the most part, strokes prove to inflict long-lasting and irreversible damage on the patients. Rehabilitation for stroke patients begins immediately during the stroke, and the medical team may administer intensive care for the first few days. Afterward, rehabilitation teams may focus on easing the patients back into their lives and helping them adjust to their new condition seamlessly.

 

There is no time limit on recovery from a stroke; while some may recover within weeks, others may take months or may never fully recover. The path to recovery may differ for all stroke patients, so it is essential to be mindful of the patient’s prognosis when detailing rehabilitation treatments and therapies. Depending on the type of stroke and the recovery time, rehabilitation could look very different for the patients. 

Physiotherapy

Stroke Rehabilitation

Physiotherapy is one of the essential parts of recovery treatments after a stroke. It is generally recommended that patients complete at least an hour of physiotherapy every day after their stroke – provided they are strong enough. However, most of the time, doctors may have higher expectations from patients who actually require more assistance than they first thought. Physiotherapy will tackle the patient’s issues with balance and stability, along with strength and flexibility training. 

 

The stroke may have caused damage to neural connections, and to rebuild those connections, it is crucial to go back to step one and learn the most basic of functions, such as walking, standing, and moving your limbs at will with precision. Furthermore, stroke survivors may also have to deal with paralysis; most of the time, one side of the body is affected. Another part of physiotherapy is learning how to move and go about life even without using those paralyzed limbs. 

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy in stroke rehabilitation will aid the patients in learning the skills needed to adjust to their new life and relearn some aspects they no longer remember. The most important task of an occupational therapist is to aid survivors in managing personal tasks independently; these include but are not limited to bathing, washing, feeding, using the bathroom, and everyday tasks. Further down the recovery path, occupational therapists may aid the patient in performing more complex tasks such as relearning to drive, cleaning their room, or preparing basic meals. All these tasks require perfect motor coordination, and the therapist is responsible for ensuring that the patient regains that coordination, strength, and balance to perform daily life functions. 

Speech Therapy

As mentioned in the list of symptoms, stroke patients may also suffer from disorganized speech and difficulty in articulating. Stroke patients may also have trouble understanding other people. Here, speech therapists will be essential to their rehabilitation and recovery. Such issues with speech may also be categorized under “aphasia,” which speech therapists are equipped to treat. They may begin the treatment of the patient with the most foundational knowledge of pronunciation and phonics. Being patient with stroke survivors is essential because they will have varying times and levels of success. Eventually, stroke survivors may be able to regain their previous abilities to communicate through speech therapy.

Psychological Rehabilitation

Stroke Rehabilitation

Strokes can cause irreparable damage to the brain, and besides affecting the rest of the body, they mainly impact the higher executive functions of the affected individual. How a person forms thoughts, strings together concepts, plans, and organizes are all functions that are affected by the onset of the stroke. Rehabilitation must therefore include psychological counseling and treatment as well. Psychological rehabilitation may involve facilitating the patients dealing with depression and anxiety. Both these mental states will affect how the patient responds to the rest of the treatments. It is crucial to ensure that the patient is mentally healthy and motivated enough to handle the recovery process.

 

Electromechanical Assisted Training

With the constant improvements in technology, it is not surprising that robots are being used for the rehabilitation of patients with various medical conditions and diseases. Similarly, electromechanically assisted or robotic gait training is used for stroke patients to aid their overground gait. These devices are much more effective for both the patients and the therapist due to their automated nature. However, more research needs to be done, and the devices need to be more reasonably priced and readily available to benefit the medical industry as a whole. 

Cardiorespiratory Training

Because the stroke results from a lack of oxygen for the brain, stroke survivors may require cardiorespiratory training following the attack. A stroke significantly damages the blood circulation and fluid levels throughout an individual’s body, so it is crucial to help the patient return to their previous blood circulation levels. This particular treatment involves a host of exercise programs, including overground walking, treadmill training, virtual reality training, and much more. The goal is to regulate blood flow and oxygen throughout the body and regain the blood flow and fluid levels prior to the stroke.

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Stroke rehabilitation” feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Ataxia rehabilitation

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Ataxia Rehabilitation

Ataxia Rehabilitation

Ataxia Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Ataxia rehabilitation ”

 

Ataxia is a medical condition that results in involuntary muscle movement due to poor motor coordination. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a disease, so it is essential to understand where the condition originates before any further steps can be taken after the initial diagnosis. Ataxia is usually a part of a more extensive presenting complaint, other components of the patient’s medical condition must be investigated before further actions.

 

The condition generally has a slow prognosis, but a more severe and rapid onset is also possible. The latter is particularly probable if the condition is a result of infection or hemorrhage. Both these things can speed up the progression of ataxia and prove to be disastrous for the patient. 

 

Ataxia is characterized by impaired coordination and subsequent issues in muscle movement. Furthermore, the condition usually impacts any of the following: spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and some additional parts. Therefore, the most common symptoms include unsteady walking, errors in balancing and rhythm, tremors in the body, and skewed perception. Additionally, patients with ataxia may also suffer from slurred speech, issues with eating, and even heart problems, although the latter is not that common.

Setting Goals for Rehabilitation

Although there is no cure for ataxia, rehabilitation therapies still exist. The primary goal of these therapies and treatments is to improve the patient’s quality of life after the diagnosis. There are many types of ataxia, and different patients may struggle with distinguished symptoms. Hence, creating a treatment plan for ataxia and beginning rehabilitation is a highly personal process for the patient. 

 

Before embarking on any treatment plan or rehabilitation program, consulting a health professional that is well-versed with the patient’s condition is of utmost importance – if the condition is comorbid with other diseases, some exercises or therapies may not be applicable. That said, all health professionals apply some standard treatment options to be used in addition to medicines. 

Physiotherapy

Ataxia Rehabilitation

One of the goals of rehabilitation for patients with ataxia is to help them stay active for as long as possible. Involuntary muscle movements take a toll on physical health and mental exhaustion, so physiotherapy comprises an essential part of rehabilitation for ataxia patients. There are two main ways physiotherapy can help such patients. 

 

Firstly, the physiotherapist may aid the patient by introducing them to devices and strategies to help their movements while controlling their involuntary actions. While this will limit patients’ freedom, it also makes it much easier for them to move appropriately. This approach is beneficial for patients that experience severe tremors. On the other hand, the physiotherapist may focus on the underlying damage to the cerebellum and spinal cord. Both these approaches aim to help patients regain their balance and rhythm to improve the most basic functions such as walking and perceiving.

Strength Training

Similar to physiotherapy, patients with ataxia may have to be engaged in strength and flexibility training. While physiotherapy may generally be focused on balance, rhythm, and fall prevention, strength training may be more specialized towards the constant use and energy within the muscles. Tremors and instability may significantly affect a patient’s strength; perhaps they were never that strong, to begin with. Therefore, strength training becomes a crucial part of rehabilitation – without this foundational strength training, there would be no point in other treatments. Here, the rehabilitation may involve yoga and pilates, both of which build strength, flexibility, and balance within an individual.

Video Game-based Training

Ataxia does not only prevail in adults but children may be affected by it too. Treatments for children require a different approach, one that aids them in rehabilitation, holds their attention, and entertains them. In this case, video game-based training is common for children struggling with ataxia. Although a somewhat newer development for ataxia rehabilitation, whole body videogames are being increasingly integrated into treatments for such patients. These video games involve intensive training for muscle coordination – done right, it can be an extremely effective treatment for children with ataxia.

Occupational Therapy

Ataxia Rehabilitation

When it comes to ataxia, one of the things patients struggle most with is molding the environment according to their condition. Depending on the stage of the medical condition, patients with ataxia may require wheelchairs or other devices to aid their movement. Knowing how to use these devices becomes an indispensable part of rehabilitation. These patients must learn how to use these aids in the correct way. Although it might not be common knowledge, the wrong usage of wheelchairs may contribute to postural support and, consequently, to issues with balance and stability. Providing patients with ataxia with the skills and knowledge they need to move independently is an essential task for the medical team.

Treadmill Training

As mentioned earlier, one of the most apparent symptoms of ataxia is trouble with walking. This is due to instability and balance issues resulting from perception distortions. Learning to walk can be quite the task, particularly for adults, who are more prone to getting injured when falling. While the patients may use other devices to aid them in their gait, treadmill training is being increasingly used for rehabilitation for ataxia patients. Consistent treadmill training is extremely beneficial for ataxia caused by brain injuries. However, it must be noted that professionals must combine this type of training with the training over the still ground.

Hydrotherapy

A form of treatment that is becoming more and more popular in rehabilitation for various injuries is hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy involves a host of activities that use water to aid a patient’s healing and recovery. People with ataxia are encouraged to exercise in whatever way they can. If patients struggle with regular exercises, it might be beneficial to introduce them to hydrotherapy, which usually involves movement and activities within a pool. The water provides a degree of freedom to the patients that may not be accessible on land. However, it is essential to keep in mind that these patients may need extra care, are at a higher risk in a body of water than others, and require a watchful eye.

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Ataxia rehabilitation “ feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation

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Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation

Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation

Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Multiple Sclerosis rehabilitation

 

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the functioning of the central nervous system. Depending on where the central nervous system is injured, the prognosis of the disease is usually quite varied; in other words, it can be reasonably stable or, on the flip side, a quickly developing illness. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease, which means that the condition results in inflammation, demyelination, and loss of neurons. 

 

The symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis result from an abnormal response of the immune system against the central nervous system. The central nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, so the inflammation damages the insulation around the nerve fibers. Generally, medicine is one of the most important aspects of rehabilitation from Multiple Sclerosis, but there are several other therapies as well.

Setting Goals for Rehabilitation

Dealing with Multiple Sclerosis with medicines alone is not the solution, so various types of therapies must be used in conjunction with the medicine. This is because the effects of the disease extend beyond physical damage, so multiple areas need to be tackled to aid a patient in dealing with their condition. 

 

 

Discussing the prognosis with a health professional is crucial. It determines the course of the patient’s treatment and what should comprise the rehabilitation process. Different patients will struggle with different aspects of their life, so it is essential to discuss with a professional what route the treatment is going to take to make it most effective for the patient. The following guide contains some of the most common therapies used for Multiple Sclerosis patients and their rehabilitation. Still, depending on the severity of the disease and the stage, there is always the possibility of additional professional help required.

 

Occupational Therapy

Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation

As with any major disease, patients may find it extremely difficult to adjust to life after the diagnosis. This is where occupational therapists can take the lead. Common symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis include fatigue, muscle spasms, numbness in limbs, and on a more extreme level, problems with executive functions such as thinking, planning, and organizing. There is no doubt that patients with MS would find it highly challenging to return to their daily life before such a condition, so occupational therapy will help ease the process. The goal of occupational therapy is to equip the patient with the tools and knowledge they need to make life after diagnosis easier and live independently. Adapting to your environment can be a tricky task on its own, but with the help of an occupational therapist, MS patients can adjust to their new life much easier. 

Physical Therapy

One of the main consequences of MS is a limitation in movement – this may be due to the level of pain caused in a specific part of your body, issues with balancing yourself, and unfounded fatigue. Depending on the level of pain a patient experiences or difficulty in movement, a patient with MS may be asked to perform several exercises independently. In contrast, others may require the help of a physiotherapist to rebuild their strength and regain their muscle. Here, the physiotherapist may recommend activities to keep yourself flexible, improve motor coordination and balance to prevent yourself from falling, and how to use aid for physical movements.

Speech Therapy

A disease affecting the brain can also affect your speech. Although it is not an extremely common symptom, the possibility of MS causing issues in how you speak still exists. In this situation, speech therapy becomes another critical aspect of rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis. A speech therapist tests the level of difficulty you face with your speech and helps you exercise your mouth the same way a physiotherapist may help with exercising the rest of your body. On a more extreme note, speech therapy may also help if a patient finds it difficult to swallow normally. 

 

Psychological Rehabilitation

Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation

As mentioned earlier, MS can affect how you think, plan, organize and perform other executive functions. Like all the other muscles in your body, your brain is a muscle too. While physical therapy may help build strength and endurance in the rest of your body, psychological or cognitive rehabilitation will help a patient with MS build strength for the brain. Because MS targets the brain as well, a patient affected by it may need to learn different strategies and ways to adjust to this change in their brain. 

 

 

The effect of MS is not purely cognitive, though. Because the disease impacts your brain, it can also send mixed signals to you regarding your mood. Besides the mood changes, a patient with MS may also struggle with the knowledge of the diagnosis and find it extremely difficult to adapt to their new life. Even with a team of health professionals, it is easy to slip into a depressive mindset and face psychological issues with the knowledge of this diagnosis. In this case, a patient with MS must receive counseling or psychotherapy. It can be easy to simply attempt to motivate a patient with MS to deal with this challenging time in their life, but most of the time, mental health professionals are crucial to help a patient adjust to their condition and life. 

Vocational Rehabilitation

An autoimmune disorder can affect all areas of the patient’s life; their home life, work, and recreational activities. Although occupational therapists also cater to vocational rehabilitation, a patient with MS may face more issues with their work life than the other areas. Sometimes, it might even require specific vocational therapy, as may be the case with Multiple Sclerosis. 

 

 

By working with a vocational therapist, a patient with MS can identify all the changes that need to be made to accommodate their condition and how they can make the environment a more comfortable and safe space for them. Furthermore, a vocational rehabilitation therapist may aid a patient with MS in finding and brushing up on skills they need for jobs that suit their condition rather than those that become difficult to perform. They may also recommend ways to make the work environment more feasible for patients with MS, which the patient can suggest to the workplace administrators. 

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Multiple Sclerosis rehabilitation” feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation

 

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Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Spinal cord injury rehabilitation”

As is apparent in the name, a spinal cord injury results from physical trauma to the spinal cord. This type of injury generally has a lasting impact on almost all areas of one’s daily life. The spinal cord sends messages from the brain to all other parts of the body; the spine contains numerous nerves that extend from the brain to the rest of the body. These nerves are responsible for communicating the messages that allow our limbs to move freely as our brain desires. Therefore, any injury to the spinal cord disrupts that communication, possibly leading to paralysis throughout the body. 

 

 

As mentioned earlier spinal cord injuries are caused by physical trauma, usually due to an accident. Other causes may include violent events such as gunshots, knife wounds, diving accidents, or sports-related injuries. Some of the most common symptoms include paralysis, issues with walking, loss of bladder control, headaches, back pain, numbness in the body, and difficulty or inability to move your limbs. Besides the physical symptoms, psychological symptoms could include insomnia, depression, anxiety, and somatic manifestations of psychological symptoms. 

Setting Goals for Rehabilitation

There is no surgical procedure to reverse the damage caused by spinal cord injuries, but several rehabilitation strategies have been used in recent years. Keep in mind that rehabilitation strategies for spinal cord injury patients are not magical cures; it is simply impossible to eliminate the neurological damage caused by such an injury. However, it is possible to limit the damage caused by the injury or slow its prognosis depending on the stage of the injury. 

 

 

When setting goals for rehabilitation with a health professional, it is crucial to focus on restoring the previous quality of life rather than the functions. SCI patients may require wheelchairs and ventilation, and it is essential to help them adjust to this new life so that they can perform their daily activities with little to no assistance. The stage of the injury may dictate the treatments used throughout rehabilitation so no single treatment can be used for all patients with SCI. 

Exercising

Spinal cord injury rehabilitation

One of the primary treatments for SCI patients in rehabilitation is exercising, particularly strength training and stretching. Most SCI patients have paralysis, and although it may be easier to simply get used to it, it is also essential to preserve and protect one’s joints and muscles. Depending on the level of injury, it is possible that the arms can still move, so exercising to strengthen the upper body can aid in mobility in daily life, where the legs cannot move. These exercises are fundamental because an SCI patient is usually a wheelchair user, so learning how to navigate that life with ease is absolutely essential for them. 

Functional Electrical Stimulation

Functional electrical stimulation involves electrical current pulses that aim to activate sensory-motor systems, which are the major damaged areas in a spinal cord injury. The electrical pulses attempt to produce a current through the neural pathways to stimulate one’s muscles and consequently cause movement. In short, functional electrical stimulation therapy is an artificial way to try and get your body to move. The goal is to increase mobility, and sensory reception, improve motor coordination, and create a balance in movements.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy targets a wide area of an individual’s life, including sensory, physical, and cognitive issues. All these areas are crucial for daily life, and that is precisely what occupational therapy hopes to solve and stabilize. In occupational therapy, the goal is to ease an SCI patient into everyday life and help them find their standing in society. The treatment revolves around the more refined movements and tasks related to the patient’s life and adapting the patient and their condition to the environment. These may include dressing, bathing, respiratory exercises, bladder control, and much more. Different environments will now require various new movements and actions, so patients must learn how to adapt to their home life, transport, work, and other settings. 

Exoskeletons

Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

A more expensive form of treatment for SCI patients is exoskeletons. These are robotic devices attached to a patient’s limbs to help them move more quickly and walk. The goal is to use these exoskeletons to help patients get used to repeating movements of their limbs until they can eventually move around freely. However, this is not widely used for rehabilitation as there are several constraints, including but not limited to: finance, body types, height, and weight. 

Cardiovascular Treatments

Most SCI patients suffer from cardiovascular issues besides paralysis. In fact, one of the common causes of death in SCI issues seems to be cardiovascular diseases. While the rehabilitation is focusing on physical exercises, it is also crucial to provide training to the patients regarding cardiac rhythms and blood pressure. These exercises are designed for the upper limbs, and they stimulate blood pressure throughout the body with more ease. In addition, patients must also be taught breathing techniques, secretion management, and postural changes that affect pulmonary functions – this is particularly important for patients in the acute stages of SCI. Furthermore, patients need to get used to balancing themselves upright while sitting down. This may be done through orthostatic hypotension, which involves using a tilt table to help patients sit in a vertical position so they can seamlessly transfer to a wheelchair later on.  

Psychological Treatments

It is not surprising that patients that face such physical trauma are also psychologically disturbed, some more than others. Therefore, psychological treatment becomes essential for such a patient to process their injury and its lasting effect on their daily life. Depending on the cause of the damage, there may be a host of psychological issues to deal with, such as depression, denial, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Psychological treatments should begin as early as possible because the patient may be suffering psychologically from the moment of the injury – a mentally unhealthy patient may take longer to adapt to their new life and even respond minimally to other aspects of the rehabilitation. Therefore, psychotherapy and group therapy may be incredible tools for the team responsible for the patient.

 

Have any questions regarding the topic “Spinal cord injury rehabilitation” feel free to comment below.

Also Read: Parkinson’s disease rehabilitation

 

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Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation

Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation

Parkinson's Disease Rehabilitation

Welcome to the Topic “Parkinson’s disease rehabilitation”

 

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that results in uncontrolled and uncoordinated motor movements. It might initially manifest as tremors and shaking but over time, the symptoms worsen and lead to extreme difficulty in balancing oneself and moving regularly; at this point, some may even struggle with walking and talking. 

 

Several therapies are used to combat Parkinson’s disease, some of the most widely used being deep brain stimulation and physiotherapy. In any case, before trying any sort of therapy, it is crucial to consult your doctor; trying out rehab for Parkinson’s is no easy feat, and you must not attempt it without the supervision of a team of health professionals. 

 

Because Parkinson’s is a disease that affects motor movements, it is common practice to resort to physiotherapy and exercises to treat the patients. Professionals experienced in physical rehabilitation can expertly guide individuals regarding movements that will help them find the balance and strength needed for accurate movements. Physical therapy also helps create the muscle required to perform those actions; patients may lose this strength since the onset of the disease, so it is crucial to build this foundation as patients begin regaining their sense of control of their movements. This is a guide to rehabilitation for Parkison’s disease. 

Setting Goals with Your Therapist

There is no one right way for rehabilitation. No matter the disease and the stage of illness, it is crucial to set individual goals with your therapist. Although some common therapeutic interventions are used by all therapists, setting personal goals with them can help them cater the treatment to your particular conditions. Trying to apply a general form of training and therapy will not benefit your condition, so it is crucial to sort out your aims and goals of training with your therapist. That way, they will know precisely which areas to target and how to facilitate you to the best of their abilities.

Reciprocal Patterns

Parkinson's disease

By definition, reciprocal means corresponding. When applied to treatments, reciprocal patterns include similar movements that correspond to each other—for example, walking as you move your arms. Such simple actions, which we usually don’t have to think twice about, are affected by Parkinson’s disease, so it is understandable why these are a focal point to target in physical therapies. The idea is to create a sense of rhythm in the movements to slow the progression of poor coordination in patients with Parkinson’s. The treatment may be started by encouraging patients to walk while performing another action, such as swinging their arms or singing in a rhythm. Over time, they may be prompted to try a more complex physical therapy that involves coordinating movements, such as tai chi.

Gait Training

Parkison’s disease is a brain disorder that affects your sense of balance. This sense of balance is usually created through visual stimuli, the inner ear, and the sense of your feet touching the ground. With the onset of Parkinson’s, this balance is affected and often lost. It involves one of the most significant tasks in your life: walking. In this situation, gait training is the most commonly administered physical therapy. Because the gait of a Parkinson’s patient becomes more unstable as the disease prevails, it is crucial to help them practice to walk as they used to. It seems like a minor issue that you need a bit of extra help to walk, but remember that it is much more challenging to teach an adult how to walk regularly than it is for a child. A professional will be able to help such a patient and aid them in understanding and implementing other ways they can make up for their loss in balance. 

Amplitude Training

One type of physical therapy is known as Amplitude Training, alternatively known as LSVT or Lee Silverman Voice Treatment. Amplitude generally means magnitude; according to this definition, Amplitude Training requires the patient to make exaggerated physical movements. In other words, increase the magnitude of regular movements. A patient who has Parkinson’s may be used to shuffling and jerking slightly. So, by making exaggerated movements, they get used to making slower, bigger movements that slow the progression of the small movements.

Stretching

Parkinson's disease

Parkison’s disease causes small, jerky, and uncontrolled movements. While these movements are a separate issue, it is essential to keep in mind the effect they may have on the patient’s body. Typically, we are used to coordinated movements and fluid patterns. When that connection and coordination are disturbed, it is only natural that it takes a toll on your body. Patients with Parkisons’ disease might experience tightness in their bodies and additional pain in their muscles. One of the most common exercises to combat that soreness and stiffness is to stretch regularly. Flexibility becomes a key asset for patients with Parkinson’s disease, and helping them build that flexibility through stretching exercises becomes crucial.

Strength Training

As mentioned earlier, another aim of physiotherapy is to rebuild the muscle strength needed to perform coordinated movements. This is particularly important for older patients of Parkison’s as muscles naturally weaken as the patient grows older. However, it is important to remember that depending on the stage of the disorder, younger patients may face precisely the same issue. For strength training issues, patients may be asked to do resistance exercises developed to build strength within their bodies. A resistance band may be used as an initial exercise because it is a reasonably safe option compared to dumbbells. Throughout the therapy, the patient may be encouraged to branch out to different resistance training, such as pool-based therapy, in which the water’s resistance is used to strengthen the body. 

Speech therapy

Parkinson’s does not only affect the movements of your limbs; it also affects the actions of your mouth. As such, Parkison’s patients may struggle with talking. For this, speech therapy is essential. Depending on the stage of the disease, the patient may find it extremely difficult to articulate themselves in any form. Speech therapies may focus on talking techniques, including non-verbal communication, conserving energy, swallowing correctly, and pronunciation guides. The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment may be particularly useful in speech correction.

Have any questions regarding the topic “Parkinson’s disease rehabilitation” feel free to comment below.

Also Read:  Motion – Mind, Body, and Spirit

 

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Types of Spinal Cord Injuries

Types of Spinal Cord Injuries

Spinal cord injuries are commonly seen in traumatic incidents such as gunshot, motor vehicle accidents, falls, etc. These injuries can result in various symptoms ranging from sensory symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, etc., to motor control deficits such as paralysis.

To understand the specific types of spinal cord injuries, you should first know the structure and function of the spinal cord.

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Spinal Cord – What is it?

The spinal cord is a structure made up of neurons (cells) that connects your brain to the rest of your body. It lies within the center of your body and is present inside your spinal column (vertebral column).

It is the continuation of your brain and starts from the point where the brain ends (beneath the skull). It then runs down in your spinal column and transmits signals from the brain to the rest of your body.

So if you want to move your hand to pick up a glass, your brain will generate a motor signal that would travel down the spinal cord and ultimately reach your muscles via nerves originating from your spinal cord.

Not only this, but the spinal cord also serves the function of carrying sensory signals to your brain. You can feel pain only when this sensation is conveyed to the brain via sensory nerves to the spinal cord to your brain.

This helps to understand that signal transmission is affected if the spinal cord is damaged, resulting in several sensory and motor symptoms.

Types of Spinal Cord Injuries

There are two types of spinal cord injuries which are as follows.

  • Complete Spinal Cord Injuries   

As the name indicates, this type of spinal cord injury results in complete damage to the spinal cord at the affected level. Transmission of signals (sensory and motor) between the brain and body parts below the involved level is interrupted.

Both sensory and motor deficits are seen below the affected level. The higher the injury level, the more significant is the damage to the body. The symptoms depend upon the level at which the spinal cord is injured.

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  • Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries

In this type of spinal cord injury, the damage to the spinal cord is not complete, and some part of the spinal cord at the affected level is spared. Transmission of signals (motor and sensory) is affected but not completely interrupted.

 

As the injury is incomplete, the symptoms vary from person to person. The symptoms that a person may experience depend upon the part of the spinal cord that is injured. If the motor area of the spinal cord is damaged, the affected individual may feel weakness or paralysis of muscles.

Spinal Cord Injury Levels

The symptoms that result from spinal cord injury depend on the type of spinal cord injury and the level at which the spinal cord is injured.

There are three levels at which the spinal cord can be injured.

  1. Cervical Level
  2. Thoracic Level
  3. Lumbar Level

Let’s have a look at each level one by one.

Cervical Level

If the spinal cord is injured at the cervical level, the communication between the brain and the rest of the body (below the neck) is interrupted. This can result in tetraplegia. Complete spinal cord injury at the cervical level affects all four limbs, and there is complete paralysis of the arms and legs.

This occurs because the brain and limb muscles’ pathway is completely damaged, and the brain cannot control these muscles, leading to muscle paralysis.

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Sensory loss is also present in the whole body except the face and neck. The persons having this type of spinal cord injury have no control over their urination and defecation. Affected individuals are wheelchair users and cannot walk on their own. They also need assistance in daily activities because they cannot move their arms.

Thoracic Level

If the spinal cord is completely injured at the thoracic level, it paralyzes lower limbs (legs). When the spinal cord is damaged at the thoracic (upper back) level, the pathway between the brain and the lower limb is interrupted, and the brain cannot send signals to the lower limbs (legs).

An individual with spinal cord injury at the thoracic level cannot move their legs because the motor signals generated in the brain cannot be conveyed to the muscles in the legs as the spinal cord is completely damaged.

Sensory disturbances are also seen in the legs. The affected individual may or may not have control over his urination and defecation.

Lumbar Level

Complete spinal cord injury at the lumbar level leads to significant weakness in lower limbs but not complete paralysis. This happens because some of the nerves that control lower limb muscles are spared. Sensory deficits are primarily present at the back of thighs and legs.

The affected individual may or may not have control over urination or defecation. The affected individual can ambulate using braces/orthotics. The symptoms of spinal cord injury at this level vary from person to person.

Hemiplegia – Can it result from Spinal Cord injury?

Hemiplegia is a term used for paralysis of half of the body that commonly involves the ipsilateral arm and leg. The term “hemiparesis” is used if there is the only weakness of one side of your body (not paralysis). This is mainly seen in incomplete spinal cord injury.

This can result when only one-half of the spinal cord is affected at the cervical level. This type of injury causes sensory and motor disturbances only at one side of the body. The other half of the body usually functions because one-half of the spinal cord is not affected in this type of spinal cord injury.

The ability to move the affected body side is not entirely lost because the spinal cord injury is not completed. The ability to feel sensations such as hot, cold, pain is affected on one side of the body, and this is because the sensory signals are not transmitted to the brain.

The affected individual is not completely paralyzed, and they can ambulate with some strength and balance deficits. As the spinal cord injury is incomplete, the symptoms of this type vary from person to person.

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